Inflammation is
triggered in the innate immune response by tissue myeloid cells, macrophages in
peripheral tissue and microglia in the nervous system, in response to microbial
or endogenous danger signals.
The plasticity of
these cells developing into pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory
M2 phenotypes is remarkable.
Polarization of
macrophages depends on local environmental factors, especially cytokines and
growth factors. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
together polarize macrophage into the M1 phenotype which produces reactive
oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines such as
tumor necrosis factor-α
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